AS209 Lumen (ex. Qwest) 🇺🇸 US

CenturyLink Communications, LLC. Announcing 1,622 prefixes, seen at the RIS collectors.

IPv4 prefixes
1,590
26,234,112 (102,477 × /24)
IPv6 prefixes
32
260 × /32
Upstreams
0
transit providers observed
Peers
1
settlement-free adjacencies
Downstreams
295
transit customers observed
Customer cone
447
ASes reachable through it

Registry and operator data

AS number
AS209
Name
Lumen (ex. Qwest)
Organisation
Lumen AS209
Country
🇺🇸 US
RIR
ARIN
Allocated
1998-11-13
Network type
NSP
Scope
North America
Peering policy
No
PeeringDB
net/3035

RPKI coverage of this AS

Its own announcements, validated against the current ROA set

14 valid (0.9%) 0 invalid (0.0%) 1,608 no ROA (99.1%)

Upstreams

Networks seen providing transit to this one

No upstreams observed at the collectors.

Peers

Adjacencies that look settlement-free rather than transit

Network Country Cone IPv4 prefixes Paths Source
AS3356 Lumen (Level 3) 🇺🇸 US 70,970 2,083 128,155 CAIDA

Downstreams

Networks this one appears to provide transit to

Network Country Cone IPv4 prefixes Paths Source
AS15305 Syringa Networks, LLC 🇺🇸 US 147 26 730 inferred
AS3910 Lumen (ex Qwest Europe) 🇺🇸 US 48 22 102 CAIDA
AS3561 Lumen (ex. Savvis) 🇺🇸 US 42 726 161 CAIDA
AS18530 Isomedia, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 36 83 3,353 CAIDA
AS36012 HUNTER COMMUNICATIONS 🇺🇸 US 14 14 42 CAIDA
AS22561 Lumen (fka LightCore) 🇺🇸 US 13 331 24,820 CAIDA
AS297 National Aeronautics and Space Administration 🇺🇸 US 10 28 3,834 CAIDA
AS210 Utah Education Network 🇺🇸 US 9 29 158 CAIDA
AS6223 CenturyLink Communications, LLC 🇺🇸 US 8 3 1,675 CAIDA
AS23175 PogoZone 🇺🇸 US 6 11 95 CAIDA
AS4297 CenturyLink Communications, LLC 🇺🇸 US 5 4 550 CAIDA
AS6224 CenturyLink Communications, LLC 🇺🇸 US 4 1 764 CAIDA
AS8015 US Signal Company, L.L.C. 🇺🇸 US 4 9 22 CAIDA
AS4296 CenturyLink Communications, LLC 🇺🇸 US 3 0 406 CAIDA
AS17385 Orbitel Communications, LLC 🇺🇸 US 3 55 252 CAIDA
AS16491 ViaSat, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 3 33 84 CAIDA
AS19149 US Signal Company, L.L.C. 🇺🇸 US 3 8 83 CAIDA
AS54519 US Signal Company, L.L.C. 🇺🇸 US 3 10 29 CAIDA
AS30221 T3 Communications, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 2 19 543 CAIDA
AS13866 Computer Country 🇺🇸 US 2 7 193 CAIDA
AS16417 Cisco Systems Ironport Division 🇺🇸 US 2 107 160 CAIDA
AS10695 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 2 55 83 CAIDA
AS53845 Broadband Dynamics, LLC 🇺🇸 US 2 10 75 CAIDA
AS13750 Transaction Network Services, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 2 19 56 CAIDA
AS47095 Murray Electric System 🇺🇸 US 2 15 52 CAIDA
AS26326 US Signal Company, L.L.C. 🇺🇸 US 2 9 25 CAIDA
AS16825 Directlink Technologies Corp. 🇺🇸 US 2 3 11 CAIDA
AS54111 US Signal Company, L.L.C. 🇺🇸 US 2 2 7 CAIDA
AS396908 Laurens Technologies Internet Services 🇺🇸 US 0 5 3,727 CAIDA
AS14921 Lumen (fka Embarq Oregon) 🇺🇸 US 0 34 1,394 CAIDA
AS17402 CenturyLink Communications, LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 25 1,050 CAIDA
AS54427 NetTally, Inc 🇺🇸 US 0 22 924 CAIDA
AS64200 VIVID-HOSTING LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 56 699 CAIDA
AS11255 Screamin' Banshee Technologies 🇺🇸 US 0 12 494 CAIDA
AS32083 Omnispring, LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 39 376 CAIDA
AS64280 Palo Alto Networks, Inc 🇺🇸 US 0 12 374 CAIDA
AS400988 Salt Lake County 🇺🇸 US 0 9 351 CAIDA
AS3743 Cleveland Cliffs Steel LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 7 294 CAIDA
AS13485 Grand Canyon University 🇺🇸 US 0 11 294 CAIDA
AS22522 United Launch Alliance, LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 12 252 CAIDA
AS40766 Equinox Payments 🇺🇸 US 0 6 252 CAIDA
AS11857 Money Services, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 60 249 CAIDA
AS3909 CenturyLink Communications, LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 5 207 CAIDA
AS7359 CenturyLink Communications, LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 4 203 CAIDA
AS4015 CenturyLink Communications, LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 4 203 CAIDA
AS29842 East Tennessee State University 🇺🇸 US 0 9 168 CAIDA
AS21660 Baxalta Incorporated 🇺🇸 US 0 11 168 CAIDA
AS21803 Cedar Networks 🇺🇸 US 0 52 168 CAIDA
AS13659 INTERTECH CORPORATION 🇺🇸 US 0 20 168 CAIDA
AS63486 HQ USMC NAF Business & Support Services Division (MR) 🇺🇸 US 0 3 126 CAIDA
AS19800 Grant County Public Utility District 🇺🇸 US 0 4 126 CAIDA
AS19390 JH Compunet 🇺🇸 US 0 3 126 CAIDA
AS394329 STATE OF UTAH COURTS 🇺🇸 US 0 3 126 CAIDA
AS10966 Alaska Airlines, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 3 126 CAIDA
AS22523 State of NM Administrative Office of the Courts 🇺🇸 US 0 3 126 CAIDA
AS16871 McDonagh Bros. Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 6 126 CAIDA
AS394046 JELD WEN 🇺🇸 US 0 3 126 CAIDA
AS16756 ABC Virtual Communications, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 3 126 CAIDA
AS21904 PowerOne 🇺🇸 US 0 8 123 CAIDA
AS13684 Medtronic, Incorporated 🇺🇸 US 0 27 120 CAIDA
AS396402 MultiCare Health System 🇺🇸 US 0 6 118 CAIDA
AS19709 Helix Computer Systems, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 4 113 CAIDA
AS12156 City of Aurora Colorado 🇺🇸 US 0 6 108 CAIDA
AS17150 America First Credit Union 🇺🇸 US 0 4 108 CAIDA
AS62566 Starbucks Coffee Company 🇺🇸 US 0 17 96 CAIDA
AS32312 Telecommunication Systems, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 12 95 CAIDA
AS400008 Zoot Enterprises, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 4 94 CAIDA
AS10599 McKesson Corp. 🇺🇸 US 0 9 90 CAIDA
AS395857 Maricopa Integrated Health System 🇺🇸 US 0 3 87 CAIDA
AS17094 Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company 🇺🇸 US 0 10 87 CAIDA
AS26848 Principal Financial Group, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 23 86 CAIDA
AS16746 CenterPoint Energy, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 22 86 CAIDA
AS12113 Dawn Food Products, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 84 CAIDA
AS10370 Northwest Airlines 🇺🇸 US 0 5 84 CAIDA
AS7191 CenturyLink Communications, LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 2 84 CAIDA
AS395918 Sandestin Investments LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 2 84 CAIDA
AS32153 Shorts Travel Management 🇺🇸 US 0 2 84 CAIDA
AS4211 Maricopa County Government 🇺🇸 US 0 6 84 CAIDA
AS23255 Pacificorp 🇺🇸 US 0 15 84 CAIDA
AS18500 PACCAR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DIVISION 🇺🇸 US 0 3 84 CAIDA
AS395030 The Lamar Company, LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 3 84 CAIDA
AS46182 Microsoft Corporation 🇺🇸 US 0 4 84 CAIDA
AS46137 AAA-Arizona, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 84 CAIDA
AS40879 Incorporated County of Los Alamos 🇺🇸 US 0 2 84 CAIDA
AS36467 Mainline Information Systems Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 84 CAIDA
AS397691 CompuGroup Medical Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 83 CAIDA
AS14438 U S A CHOICE INTERNET SERVICES CO. 🇺🇸 US 0 10 82 CAIDA
AS13978 Washington Health Benefit Exchange 🇺🇸 US 0 2 82 CAIDA
AS26959 Cognizant Trizetto Software Group, INC. 🇺🇸 US 0 4 82 CAIDA
AS7743 JPMorgan Chase & Co. 🇺🇸 US 0 5 77 CAIDA
AS11985 Social Security Administration 🇺🇸 US 0 13 77 CAIDA
AS62645 SNAPNAMES.COM, INC. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 77 CAIDA
AS32904 Arterra Mobility 🇺🇸 US 0 3 76 CAIDA
AS27013 Goldberg Lindsay 🇺🇸 US 0 2 75 CAIDA
AS393355 SAMSUNG RESEARCH AMERICA, INC. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 72 CAIDA
AS395036 City of Sanibel 🇺🇸 US 0 2 72 CAIDA
AS29943 United Solutions Company 🇺🇸 US 0 2 70 CAIDA
AS14459 Entertainment Partners 🇺🇸 US 0 2 68 CAIDA
AS397045 D. Brown Management 🇺🇸 US 0 1 68 CAIDA
AS10361 Bloomberg, LP 🇺🇸 US 0 124 65 CAIDA
AS399210 The Salvation Army 🇺🇸 US 0 2 64 CAIDA
AS33350 Arizona Public Service Company 🇺🇸 US 0 6 60 CAIDA
AS17242 UNIPAC Service Corporation 🇺🇸 US 0 17 60 CAIDA
AS46453 Abbott Laboratories 🇺🇸 US 0 7 56 CAIDA
AS33222 Ashley Furniture Industries, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 4 53 CAIDA
AS27011 XM Satellite Radio 🇺🇸 US 0 17 51 CAIDA
AS3389 Ford Motor Company 🇺🇸 US 0 7 49 CAIDA
AS14848 DOOSAN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS AMERICA, LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 2 46 CAIDA
AS399965 Jazz Basketball Investors LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 2 44 CAIDA
AS25992 Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department 🇺🇸 US 0 2 43 CAIDA
AS402260 University of Colorado Medicine 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS1446 Tutor Perini Corporation 🇺🇸 US 0 2 42 CAIDA
AS4911 CenturyLink Communications, LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS7105 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 24 42 CAIDA
AS11651 Centric Group, LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 2 42 CAIDA
AS12238 AECOM 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS13516 Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 42 CAIDA
AS13813 BroadSoft, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS14899 MobilexUSA 🇺🇸 US 0 2 42 CAIDA
AS16546 - 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS18693 University of Colorado Hospital 🇺🇸 US 0 4 42 CAIDA
AS19013 PFG Customized Distribution 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS22097 K&L Gates, LLP 🇺🇸 US 0 9 42 CAIDA
AS22134 PetSmart LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 4 42 CAIDA
AS23099 DM Petroleum Operations Company 🇺🇸 US 0 3 42 CAIDA
AS25621 Genesis Health System 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS26485 Six Continents Hotels, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 15 42 CAIDA
AS26791 Synopsys Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 42 CAIDA
AS30309 Internet Exposure, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS30667 WHEELER MACHINERY CO. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 42 CAIDA
AS31752 Heartland Express, Inc. of Iowa 🇺🇸 US 0 2 42 CAIDA
AS36163 HILLCO, LTD 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS40451 Board of Pensions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS45625 LTIMINDTREE LIMITED 🇮🇳 IN 0 19 42 CAIDA
AS53915 SECURITY EQUIPMENT INC 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS54119 WhiteSky Communications, LLC. 🇺🇸 US 0 57 42 CAIDA
AS54538 PALO ALTO NETWORKS 🇺🇸 US 0 27 42 CAIDA
AS54806 Lrm-Com, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 18 42 CAIDA
AS54924 NAROPA UNIVERSITY 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS62520 eMASON, Inc 🇺🇸 US 0 2 42 CAIDA
AS63355 SALMON BAY TECHNOLOGY 🇺🇸 US 0 3 42 CAIDA
AS393860 AVI SYSTEMS INC 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS393863 DMA 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS394515 Market Track LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS394709 HealthEdge Software, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS395051 POWDR CORP 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS395143 Fire Mountain Gems and Beads Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 42 CAIDA
AS395617 Plymouth Poultry Company 🇺🇸 US 0 2 42 CAIDA
AS395702 Financial Recovery Services, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 42 CAIDA
AS396135 Woodmen of the World Life Insurance Society 🇺🇸 US 0 2 42 CAIDA
AS396175 PEGASUS SOLUTIONS COMPANIES 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS396312 Richmond Memorial Hospital 🇺🇸 US 0 2 42 CAIDA
AS396314 - 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS396951 TransCanada Pipelines Limited 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS396954 The Root Group, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS396960 TransCanada Pipelines Limited 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS397261 H CLUB LOS ANGELES 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS397329 Central Security Communications, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS397393 A W Rehn & Associates Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS397524 Northriver Midstream Inc. 🇨🇦 CA 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS398164 WHITEFISH CREDIT UNION ASSOCIATION 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS398331 1st Financial Bank USA 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS398459 Rogue Credit Union 🇺🇸 US 0 2 42 CAIDA
AS399184 Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation 🇺🇸 US 0 3 42 CAIDA
AS400383 Denson Technologies 🇺🇸 US 0 3 42 CAIDA
AS401668 IPM Computers LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS401915 Garfield School District No. RE-2 🇺🇸 US 0 1 42 CAIDA
AS47031 City of Charlottesville 🇺🇸 US 0 3 41 CAIDA
AS397174 Applied Predictive Technologies, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 3 41 CAIDA
AS395186 POP 🇺🇸 US 0 1 41 CAIDA
AS16741 City Of Lakeland 🇺🇸 US 0 1 41 CAIDA
AS36566 Hearst-Argyle Television, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 3 41 CAIDA
AS36769 Hearst-Argyle Television, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 41 CAIDA
AS23173 CITISTREET 🇺🇸 US 0 17 41 CAIDA
AS4539 Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 41 CAIDA
AS30089 Eastman Credit Union 🇺🇸 US 0 1 41 CAIDA
AS55131 United States Special Operations Command 🇺🇸 US 0 2 41 CAIDA
AS54244 ICSolutions 🇺🇸 US 0 2 41 CAIDA
AS6595 U.S. Department of Defense Education Activity 🇺🇸 US 0 3 41 CAIDA
AS46111 Edina Realty, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 40 CAIDA
AS32175 REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION DISTRICT 🇺🇸 US 0 1 40 CAIDA
AS25628 Collier County Clerk of the Circuit Court 🇺🇸 US 0 1 40 CAIDA
AS29989 URM Stores Inc 🇺🇸 US 0 1 40 CAIDA
AS27554 1010Data, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 40 CAIDA
AS36093 Phil Long Dealerships 🇺🇸 US 0 1 39 CAIDA
AS14622 GoFIBER 🇺🇸 US 0 1 39 CAIDA
AS393917 Cache Valley Electric Company 🇺🇸 US 0 2 39 CAIDA
AS20380 Apex Systems, LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 1 39 CAIDA
AS398241 CELLNETIX LABS LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 1 39 CAIDA
AS63169 BMA MANAGEMENT SUPPORT CORPORATION 🇺🇸 US 0 1 39 CAIDA
AS14242 City of Chandler 🇺🇸 US 0 2 38 CAIDA
AS395736 Cary Street Partners 🇺🇸 US 0 1 38 CAIDA
AS19886 Bank of America, National Association 🇺🇸 US 0 48 36 CAIDA
AS46988 Maryland Institute College of Art 🇺🇸 US 0 1 36 CAIDA
AS397167 Presbyterian Healthcare Services 🇺🇸 US 0 1 36 CAIDA
AS1401 DSW Information Technology LLC. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 36 CAIDA
AS27592 Reliable Parts Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 35 CAIDA
AS395133 MedQuest Associates, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 34 CAIDA
AS36464 Rabo Support Services, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 5 34 CAIDA
AS20145 FLORIDA CANCER SPECIALISTS, P.L. 🇺🇸 US 0 2 34 CAIDA
AS393856 City of Westfield (Gas & Electric Light Department) 🇺🇸 US 0 40 34 CAIDA
AS13548 College of Charleston 🇺🇸 US 0 3 31 CAIDA
AS30197 Best Western International, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 5 30 CAIDA
AS22317 F5, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 11 28 inferred
AS19629 - 0 2 28 CAIDA
AS14010 Jack Henry & Associates, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 59 28 CAIDA
AS399012 Des Moines Regional Transit Authority (DART) 🇺🇸 US 0 3 26 CAIDA
AS398243 Holmes Electric Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 25 CAIDA
AS396989 LookingGlass Cyber Solutions Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 4 24 CAIDA
AS32186 FUJIFILM Manufacturing USA, Inc 🇺🇸 US 0 2 24 CAIDA
AS15234 MCG Energy Solutions LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 8 24 CAIDA
AS33255 Hampden-Sydney College 🇺🇸 US 0 3 24 CAIDA
AS394459 QUANTA SERVICES INC 🇺🇸 US 0 5 24 CAIDA
AS36739 Collier County Government 🇺🇸 US 0 1 23 CAIDA
AS62773 Weis Capital, Inc 🇺🇸 US 0 1 21 CAIDA
AS54385 City of Tolleson 🇺🇸 US 0 2 20 CAIDA
AS11710 ABBA TECHNOLOGIES 🇺🇸 US 0 2 20 CAIDA
AS14203 Juniper Networks, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 21 19 CAIDA
AS397041 Lightgig Communications LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 23 19 CAIDA
AS31825 Starwood Vacation Ownership 🇺🇸 US 0 1 17 CAIDA
AS15307 Childrens Hospital and Regional Medical Center 🇺🇸 US 0 12 16 CAIDA
AS26088 Inland Internet 🇺🇸 US 0 4 16 CAIDA
AS29207 Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 4 16 CAIDA
AS10655 BLOOMBERG INDUSTRY GROUP 🇺🇸 US 0 14 15 CAIDA
AS36189 Neil Medical Group 🇺🇸 US 0 1 15 CAIDA
AS11842 Regal Entertainment Group 🇺🇸 US 0 3 15 CAIDA
AS11275 National Bank Holdings Corporation 🇺🇸 US 0 2 15 CAIDA
AS26579 Walmart Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 3 14 CAIDA
AS23172 Pentagon Federal Credit Union 🇺🇸 US 0 9 14 CAIDA
AS31865 THE STANLEY WORKS 🇺🇸 US 0 2 14 CAIDA
AS32013 Dignity Health 🇺🇸 US 0 4 14 CAIDA
AS22230 NetDocuments 🇺🇸 US 0 2 14 CAIDA
AS16388 Protronics Technologies, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 14 CAIDA
AS398806 Valli Information Systems, Inc 🇺🇸 US 0 1 13 CAIDA
AS40408 Kount, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 13 CAIDA
AS398280 Systemverse LLC 🇺🇸 US 0 1 13 CAIDA
AS19452 Oaktree Capital Management, LP 🇺🇸 US 0 2 12 CAIDA
AS13524 Arrow Electronics 🇺🇸 US 0 15 12 CAIDA
AS22607 Des Moines University 🇺🇸 US 0 3 11 CAIDA
AS46567 Border States Industries 🇺🇸 US 0 2 11 CAIDA
AS394316 Altra Federal Credit Union 🇺🇸 US 0 3 10 CAIDA
AS26017 Bettendorf Public Library 🇺🇸 US 0 1 10 CAIDA
AS19571 IHC Specialty Benefits, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 10 CAIDA
AS62559 CITY OF PEORIA 🇺🇸 US 0 1 10 CAIDA
AS55277 Pinal County Arizona 🇺🇸 US 0 1 10 CAIDA
AS23458 Denver Health and Hospital Authority 🇺🇸 US 0 5 9 CAIDA
AS3465 J. B. Hunt Transport Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 8 9 CAIDA
AS400068 LION TECHNOLOGY INC 🇺🇸 US 0 1 8 CAIDA
AS395296 MSFA 🇺🇸 US 0 1 8 CAIDA
AS12225 Consumerinfo.com, Inc. 🇺🇸 US 0 1 7 CAIDA
Showing the 250 largest of 295 Show all 295

Relationships marked inferred come from where the two networks sit on the AS paths the collectors see, which is a guess and is wrong for some of them. The rest are stated by CAIDA's published inference over a much wider set of collectors.